Its unique design unfolds from a brochure to a poster that can be displayed for both employees and consumers. In order to finance the Civil War, Congress authorizes the U. Department of the Treasury to issue non-interest-bearing Demand Notes. All U. By , the Demand Notes incorporate fine-line engraving, intricate geometric lathe work patterns, a U. Department of the Treasury seal, and engraved signatures to aid in counterfeit deterrence. To this day, U. They continue to circulate until Congress establishes a national banking system and authorizes the U.
Department of the Treasury to oversee the issuance of National Banknotes. This system sets Federal guidelines for chartering and regulating "national" banks and authorizes those banks to issue national currency secured by the purchase of United States bonds.
The Bureau of Engraving and Printing begins engraving and printing the faces and seals of U. Before this, U. Legislation mandates that all banknotes and other securities containing portraits include the name of the individual below the portrait.
This is why you see names below the portraits on banknotes to this day. The appearance of U. In an effort to lower manufacturing costs, all Federal Reserve notes are made about 30 percent smaller—measuring 6. In addition, standardized designs are instituted for each denomination, decreasing the number of designs in circulation and making it easier for the public to distinguish between genuine and counterfeit notes.
Because United States notes no longer served any function not already adequately met by Federal Reserve notes, their issuance was discontinued and, beginning in , no new United States notes were placed into circulation.
A security thread and microprinting are introduced in Federal Reserve notes to deter counterfeiting by copiers and printers. In the first significant design change since the s, U. Before a Federal Reserve note enters circulation, it must pass through four critical steps: design, order, production, and issuance. Skip to main content Accessibility Statement.
Security Thread Hold the note to light to see an embedded thread running vertically to the left of the portrait.
Bell in the Inkwell Tilt the note to see the color-shifting bell in the copper inkwell change from copper to green, an effect which makes the bell seem to appear and disappear within the inkwell. Watermark Hold the note to light and look for a faint image of Benjamin Franklin in the blank space to the right of the portrait. Color-Shifting Ink Tilt the note to see the numeral in the lower right corner of the front of the note shift from copper to green.
Paper Federal Reserve note paper is one-fourth linen and three-fourths cotton, and contains red and blue security fibers. Symbols of Freedom Phrases from the Declaration of Independence and the quill the Founding Fathers used to sign the historic document are found to the right of the portrait. Gold A large gold numeral on the back of the note helps those with visual impairments distinguish the denomination.
Treasury Seal A green seal to the right of the portrait represents the U. Serial Numbers A unique combination of eleven numbers and letters appears twice on the front of the note.
Series Year The design includes series years and A. Color-Shifting Ink Tilt the note to see the numeral in the lower right corner of the front of the note shift from green to black. Series Year The design includes series years , , , , A, , and A. Federal Reserve Bank Seal A black seal to the left of the portrait bears the name and corresponding letter of the distributing Federal Reserve Bank.
Series Year The design includes series years and Treasury Seal A seal to the right of the portrait represents the U. When we consider the estimated ,,, billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy or the estimated ,,, billion galaxies in the universe or the estimated ,,,, trillion cells in the adult human body, we are forced to use numbers so large we cannot comprehend their meaning. In so doing, we will use the American nomenclature for large numbers described below.
We will use money as a teaching tool to illustrate the magnitude of large numbers. One way to better understand large numbers is to compare the heights of stacks of varying numbers of dollar bills. The thickness of a single one dollar bills measures. The height of a stack of 1,, one dollar bills measures 4, inches or feet — about the height of a 30 to 35 story building. The height of a stack of ,, one hundred million one dollar bills measures 35, feet or 6.
The height of a stack of 1,,, one billion one dollar bills measures , feet or The height of a stack of ,,, one hundred billion one dollar bills measures 6, A column of bills this high would extend 28 times higher than the orbiting International Space Station. The height of a stack of 1,,,, one trillion one dollar bills measures 67, miles. This would reach more than one fourth the way from the earth to the moon. The height of a stack of ,,,, one hundred trillion one dollar bills measures 6,, miles.
This would reach from the earth to the moon and back 14 times. Another way to appreciate large numbers is to consider the area covered by varying numbers of dollar bills.
The area covered by a single one dollar bill measures The area covered by one dollar bills measures The area covered by 1,, one dollar bills measures , This would cover an area approximately equal to the size of two football fields. The area covered by ,, one hundred million one dollar bills measures. This would cover an area equal to the size of The area covered by 1,,, one billion one dollar bills measures 4 square miles.
This would cover an area equal to the size of 2, acres. The area covered by ,,, one hundred billion one dollar bills measures square miles. This would cover an area equal to one-third the size of the state of Rhode Island. The area covered by 1,,,, one trillion one dollar bills measures 3, square miles. This would cover an area equal to twice the size of the state of Delaware. The area covered by ,,,, one hundred trillion one dollar bills measures , square miles. This would cover an area roughly equal to the size of Texas and California combined.
Yet another way to understand large numbers is to compare the lengths of varying numbers of dollar bills laid end-to-end. The length of a single one dollar bills measures 6. The length of 1, one dollar bills laid end-to-end measures feet. This would approximate the length of some of the longer home run balls hit by professional baseball players. The world record for the longest home run, estimated at feet, was set in by Mickey Mantle.
The length of 1,, one million one dollar bills laid end-to-end extends This would easily traverse the 21 miles across the English Channel from the shores of England to the shores of France and back more than two and a half times. The length of ,, one hundred million one dollar bills laid end-to-end measures 9, miles. This would reach from Washington D. The length of 1,,, one billion one dollar bills laid end-to-end measures 96, miles.
This would extend around the earth almost 4 times. The length of ,,, one hundred billion one dollar bills laid end-to-end measures 9,, miles. This would extend around the earth times. The length of 1,,,, one trillion one dollar bills laid end-to-end measures 96,, miles. This would exceed the distance from the earth to the sun. The length of ,,,, one hundred trillion one dollar bills laid end-to-end measures 9,,, miles.
This would reach from the earth to the planet Saturn and back six times. Assuming Saturn at its nearest point to earth. Scientists, mathematicians, and others have long used words to describe large numbers in lieu of writing out endless digits or resorting to the use of scientific notation.
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