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Effect of disinfectants on antibiotics susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Appl Biotechnol. Assessment of resistance towards biocides following the attachment of microorganisms to, and growth on, surfaces. Download references. Caitlinn B. Lineback, Carine A. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. CL, CN, and STW performed the disinfectant efficacy testing, analysed and interpreted the data generated, and wrote the manuscript. XL provided industry experience, designed elements of the experimental protocol, and was a contributor in writing and editing the manuscript.
PT provided testing materials, industry experience, and was a contributor in writing and editing the manuscript. HO served as the principle investigator for the study and was a contributor in writing and editing the manuscript.
All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Haley F. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and Permissions. Lineback, C. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants are more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms than quaternary ammonium compounds. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 7, Download citation.
Received : 05 November Accepted : 05 December Published : 17 December Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Research Open Access Published: 17 December Hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite disinfectants are more effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms than quaternary ammonium compounds Caitlinn B.
Lineback 1 , Carine A. Abstract Background Antimicrobial disinfectants are used as primary treatment options against pathogens on surfaces in healthcare facilities to help prevent healthcare associated infections HAIs. Methods This study tested the bactericidal efficacy of eight registered disinfectant products against S. Results Overall, sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide disinfectants had significantly higher bactericidal efficacies than quaternary ammonium chloride disinfectants.
Conclusion In general, bactericidal efficacy against biofilms differed by active ingredient. Background Healthcare associated infections HAIs are reported to occur in one out of 25 patients daily on average in the US [ 1 ] with over 2 million patients contracting HAIs annually [ 2 ]. Methods Disinfectants and bacteria strains used in this study This study tested the bactericidal efficacy of eight registered disinfectant products Table 1 against S.
Table 1 Active ingredients and contact times for disinfectant products tested in this study Full size table. Table 2 Growth conditions for S.
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Afr J Microbiol Res ; 5: Poole K. Isolates , , , , and from group O were susceptible while isolates , , and , of the same group, were less susceptible than the reference strain.
It can be noted that strains , , , and belong to the same clonal group, showing the persistence and spread of this group from to Strains from and came from different hospitals. According to Martins et al. Thus, we decided to study resistant isolates since they are the major problem in clinical settings.
The isolates studied were resistant and multiresistant organisms. The presence of multi-drug resistant isolates probably occurred due to the empirical treatment adopted in many hospital routines that induces selective pressure of multiresistant bacteria. The antibiotic susceptibility of the studied isolates, concerning imipenem, is similar to those observed by Rhomberg et al. In Italy, Fadda et al. Only two isolates were resistant to imipenem. However, attention must be paid in order to prevent and control the emergency and spread of resistance to carbapenems as isolates carbapenems-resistant have been reported in many countries including Brazil Gales et al.
We compared susceptible and less susceptible isolates to the disinfectant concerning antibiotic resistance. At the disinfectant concentration used in the test we found no differences between the two groups.
Rutala et al. According to Russell the relationship between antibiotic and biocide resistance in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria needs to be explored further. This methodology was chosen for this purpose since it is considered to have a high discriminatory capacity, good reproducibility and ease interpretation Grudmann et al.
A great genetic diversity was observed, as expected, since the same was found by different authors Grundmann et al. We observed that isolates with the same PFGE pattern or belonging to the same clonal group showed differences in the susceptibility to antimicrobial agents.
The same was found by Sader et al. The latter observed the epidemic strain from pattern A showed 10 different antibiotic resistance patters that they associated with a possible pressure in the hospital environment. Interestingly in the present study, strains belonging to the same clonal groups showed different susceptibility to the disinfectant.
Similarly Heir et al. In our study we did not observe specific clonal groups related with more susceptibility to the disinfectant. However, the clonal group O occurred most frequently among the susceptible isolates to the disinfectant.
Similarly to the increasing problems with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in modern hospitals, questions about bacteria resistance to disinfectants and antiseptics are on arise.
Resistance to disinfectants typically results from cellular changes that impact on biocide accumulation, expression of efflux mechanisms and more rarely from target site mutations Poole In the variable regions of these integrons mobile genes cassettes are inserted, often carrying antibiotic resistance genes Paulsen et al.
Thus, QAC may co-select for antibiotic resistance since class 1 integrons carrying qac genes function as vectors for cassettes genes encoding antibiotic resistance Gaze et al. This is particularly important in regard of dissemination of metallo-b-lactamases genes as carbapenems have a broad antibacterial spectrum and play a fundamental role in the treatment of infection caused by multiresistant P.
It is important to highlight that the presence of qac genes, detected by PCR, does not guarantee an effective real-world recalcitrance to disinfection as disinfectants are used in high concentrations and resistance to biocides may also involve other different mechanisms, but certainly may increase its probability and favour co-resistance of QAC and antibiotics Chapman Resistance to biocides is often reported in terms of MIC.
MIC provides a useful starting point in investigation but cannot be relied upon to show that reduced susceptibility occurred to in-use concentrations Russell In our study we evaluated the susceptibility of the isolates using the in-use concentration of the disinfectant and a carrier test that is officially adopted to assess the efficacy of disinfectants. Most reports analyze the effect of disinfectants against reference strains so that results of these experiments should be reproducible by other laboratories but concerning about susceptibility of clinical isolates to disinfectants is now attracting special attention.
They concluded that disinfectant efficacy should be confirmed with recently isolated organisms. The high rate of disinfectant decreased susceptibility observed is worrying considering the tests were performed with disinfectant in-use concentration that means a real-world situation. We think that the use of reference strains is important for regulatory purposes, quality control of biocides, and surveillance programs of efficacy but our results revealed that clinical isolates must be checked for their susceptibility.
We found isolates with reduced susceptibility to the QAC disinfectant and these data point out the issue must be further investigated including different organisms and chemical agents. It is also important to consider that resistance to quaternary ammonium may co-select for antibiotic resistance via class 1 integrons and vice-versa.
In addition, we observed that strains of the same clonal group showed different susceptibility to the disinfectant. This is an interesting observation because only few works are available about this subject. Abrir menu Brasil. Abrir menu. Pseudomonas aeruginosa; disinfectants; pulsed field gel electrophoresis.
Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa - disinfectants - pulsed field gel electrophoresis Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important pathogen particularly in immunocompromised hosts and remains a prominent Gram-negative bacterium that causes hospital-associated infections.
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